Research progress of dislocation of YAG crystal

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-5461.2022.05.002

Abstract

Abstract: There exists various defects during the growth of large-size YAG crystals, and dislocation is one of the main defects. Dislocation can cause stress birefringence, decrease the optical uniformity, increase optical losses, shorten the work life of the crystal and so on, therefore, it is very important to grow YAG crystal without dislocation or with low dislocation for the development of high-eﬃciency solid-state laser. This paper summarizes the research progress of dislocation in YAG crystal at home and abroad in the recent 40 years, including the research on dislocation in YAG crystal by chemical etching method, the decoration method, synchrotron radiation method, stress birefringence method, X-ray micro tomography and light scattering tomography, as well as the application examples of TEM and SEM, and also introduces the eﬀect of crystal growth process on dislocation density and distribution in crystal. It provides a reference for the dislocation research and the growth of large-size and high-quality YAG laser crystals.

Key words: laser techniques, YAG crystal, dislocation, crystal defect, crystal growth

CLC Number:

O431.2

ZHANG Rui , MEI Dajiang , ∗ , SHI Xiaotu , , MA Rongguo , , ZHANG Qingli , ∗ , DOU Renqin , , LIU Wenpeng , . Research progress of dislocation of YAG crystal[J]. Chinese Journal of Quantum Electronics, 2022, 39(5): 687-706.

References

[1] Linares R C. Growth of garnet laser crystals[J]. Solid State Communications, 1964,2(8):229-231.
[2] Zhu Anyuan. The father of laser: Dr. Thomas, the 1964 Nobel Prize winner in Physics - deeply remembering the first anniversary of Professor Thomas' death (III) [J]. China Market, 2016 (09): 185-193, (in Chinese).
朱安远.激光之父:1964年诺贝尔物理学奖得主汤斯博士——深切缅怀汤斯教授逝世1周年(三)[J].中国市场,2016(09):185-193.
[3] Belt R F , Puttbach R C , Lepore D A . Crystal growth and perfection of large Nd:YAG single crystals[J]. Journal of Crystal Growth, 1972, 13(none):268-271.
[4] Guo Huaixin. Research on growth mechanism and properties of plate Nd:YAG crystal grown by HDS method. [D]. Harbin Institute of Technology, 2013(in Chinese).
郭怀新. 板状Nd:YAG激光晶体水平定向结晶法生长机理与性能研究[D]. 哈尔滨工业大学, 2013.
[5] Bai Fengzhou, Gu Gencai, Yan Shenghui, Zhong Yongcheng. Growth of Large Sized Nd:YAG Single Crystals by MF Heating CZ Method [J]. JOURNAL OF SYNTHETIC CRYSTALS, 1987 (01): 54-58, (in Chinese).
白凤周,顾根才,颜声辉,钟永成.感应加热引上法生长大直径YAG:Nd激光晶体[J].人工晶体,1987(01):54-58.
[6] Zhou Yongzong. Growth of Large Size Refractory Oxide Crystals [J]. JOURANAL OF SYNTHETIC CRYSTALS, 1994 (s1), (in Chinese).
周永宗. 大尺寸高温氧化物晶体生长[J]. 人工晶体学报, 1994(s1).
[7] Department of crystal physics, Department of physics. Formation of defects in crystal growth [J]. Journal of Nanjing University (NATURAL SCIENCE), 1974, (01): 37-53(in Chinese).
物理系晶体物理教研室.晶体生长中缺陷的形成 [J]. 南京大学学报(自然科学版), 1974, (01): 37-53.
[8] Deng Peizhen, Qiao Jingwen, Qian Zhenying. Effect of dislocations on laser characteristics in YAG: nd crystals [J]. Acta optica Sinica, 1982 (03): 259-269(in Chinese).
邓佩珍，乔景文，钱振英.在YAG:Nd晶体中位错对激光特性的影响[J].光学学报，1982(03):259-269.
[9] Zhou Guoping. DFT Theoretical Study on the Intermolecular Interaction of Phosphoric Acid and Water [D]. Guizhou University, 2006(in Chinese).
周国萍. DFT理论研究磷酸与水分子间相互作用[D].贵州大学,2006.
[10] Wang zhaobing, Zhang Qingli, Yin Shaotang, et al. Study on dislocation of Ce ~ (3 +): YAG crystal [J]. JOURNAL OF SYNTHETIC CRYSTALS, 2005 (05): 102-105(in Chinese).
王召兵，张庆礼，殷绍唐，等. Ce~(3+):YAG晶体位错的研究[J].人工晶体学报，2005(05):102-105.
[11] Song Pingxin, Zhao Zhiwei, Xu Xiaodong, Deng Peizhen, Xu Jun. study on growth defects of Tm: YAG crystal by Czochralski method [J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2005 (04): 869-874(in Chinese).
宋平新，赵志伟，徐晓东，邓佩珍，徐军.提拉法Tm:YAG晶体的生长缺陷研究[J].无机材料学报，2005(04):869-874.
[12] Sun Jing, Li Changli, Yu Wensheng, et al. Study on Nd:YAG Crystal Dislocation by Chemical Etching Method [J]. JOURNAL OF SYNTHETIC CRYSTALS, 2009, 38 (06): 1320-1323(in Chinese).
孙晶，李昌立，于文生，等.化学腐蚀法研究Nd:YAG晶体位错[J].人工晶体学报，2009，38(06):1320-1323.
[13] Zeng Guiping, Cao Yuhui, Yin Shaotang. Defects in Doped YAG Crystal [J]. JOURNAL OF SYNTHETIC CRYSTALS, 1999 (04): 354-358(in Chinese).
曾贵平，曹余惠，殷绍唐.掺质YAG晶体中的缺陷[J].人工晶体学报，1999(04):354-358.
[14] HAN Z, SUN D, ZHANG H, et al. Investigation on the Growth and Properties of Six Garnet Single Crystals with Large Lattice Constants [J]. Crystal Research and Technology, 2021, 56(5).
[15] KOSTI? S, LAZAREVI? Z ?, RADOJEVI? V, et al. Study of structural and optical properties of YAG and Nd:YAG single crystals [J]. Materials Research Bulletin, 2015, 63: 80-7.
[16] Xu Xiuyin, Ge Chuanzhen. Crystallographic relationship of dislocation etching spots in YAG crystals [J]. Journal of Nanjing University (NATURAL SCIENCE), 1981 (04): 457-464 + 432(in Chinese).
徐秀荫，葛传珍.YAG晶体中位错浸蚀斑的结晶学关系[J].南京大学学报(自然科学版)，1981(04):457-464+432.
[17] J. Kumar,M. Thirumavalavan,F. D. Gnanam, et al. Growth and microscopic studies of yttrium aluminium garnet single crystals[J]. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd,1987,22(2):189-192.
[18] Sun Hongjian, Liang Zerong, Zhai Qingyong. Stress birefringence of dislocation beam in Nd: YAG crystal [J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 1987 (01): 69-78(in Chinese).
孙洪建，梁泽荣，翟清永.Nd:YAG晶体中位错束的应力双折射[J].硅酸盐学报，1987(01):69-78.
[19] Quan Jiliang, Xie Zhiwei, Yang Yuanzheng, et al. Study on cracking and defects of Nd: YAG laser crystals [J]. Chinese Journal of Quantum Electronics, 2010, 27 (03): 270-275(in Chinese).
权纪亮，谢致薇，杨元政，等.Nd:YAG激光晶体开裂与缺陷研究[J].量子电子学报，2010，27(03):270-275.
[20] CETC optoelectronics has made two breakthroughs in three months. Leishengqiang company of our institute has successfully grown the world's largest Nd: YAG laser crystal and Yb: YAG laser crystal [EB / OL], (in Chinese).
中电科光电.三个月两次突破，我所雷生强式公司成功生长出世界最大尺寸的Nd:YAG激光晶体和Yb:YAG激光晶体[EB/OL]. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?search_click_id=13093748775161411990-1637545277893-729437&sub=&__biz=MzI3MjY2NjQ5Mw==&mid=2247484241&idx=1&sn=230c9724ada07d7e84733c467420997a&chksm=eb2e5943dc59d0553230b8705021790553e5cfc55fa1d37719065be479a86c81e4fee543952b&scene=3&subscene=10000&clicktime=1637545277&enterid=1637545277&ascene=0&devicetype=android-29&version=28001053&nettype=3gnet&abtest_=AAACAA%3D%3D&lang=zh_CN&exportkey=A0P06CFNQUTOeLxsruFeku4%3D&pass_ticket=k3CjO174D6UXo5EtS7yOSVZBY9%2BgBHUlbzk8WkeANlZ2F8CVpjCo8nouGd%2Be3Ff6&wx_header=1,2018.01.03/2021.11.22.
[21] Deng Peizhen, Hu Bing. Study on the properties and motion of dislocations in Nd: YAG crystals by silver target X-ray topography [J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 1988 (07): 625-630(in Chinese).
邓佩珍，胡兵.用银靶X射线形貌术研究Nd:YAG晶体中位错的性质及运动[J].光学学报，1988(07):625-630.
[22] Summary of participating in the second European Conference on crystal growth (eccg-2) [J]. JOURNAL OF SYNTHETIC CRYSTALS, 1980 (02): 1-12(in Chinese).
参加欧洲第二次晶体生长会议(ECCG-2)总结[J].人工晶体，1980(02):1-12.
[23] Mai Zhenhong, Ge Peiwen, Cui Shufan, et al. X-ray transmission topography observation of yttrium aluminum garnet single crystal defects [J]. ?Acta Physica Sinica, 1981 (07): 999-1004(in Chinese).
麦振洪，葛培文，崔树范，等.钇铝石榴石单晶缺陷的X射线透射形貌术观察[J].物理学报，1981(07):999-1004.
[24] Yang Peizhi, Deng Peizhen, Yin Zhiwen, et al. Study on Growth Defects and Dislocation Propagation in Yb:YAG [J]. JOURNAL OF SYNTHETIC CRYSTALS, 2000 (04): 399-403(in Chinese).
杨培志，邓佩珍，殷之文，等.Yb∶YAG晶体的生长缺陷及位错走向[J].人工晶体学报，2000(04):399-403.
[25] Shi Erwei, Lu Zhiping, Zhong weizhuo. X-ray morphology of artificial smoke crystal [J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 1988 (03): 203-212 + 289-290(in Chinese).
施尔畏，路治平，仲维卓.人工烟水晶X射线形貌[J].无机材料学报，1988(03):203-212+289-290.
[26] Romeo. National Laboratory of synchrotron radiation (University of science and technology of China) [EB / OL], (in Chinese).
Romeo.同步辐射国家实验室（中国科学技术大学）[EB/OL]. https://baike.sogou.com/m/fullLemma?lid=85244833&fromTitle=%E5%90%8C%E6%AD%A5%E8%BE%90%E5%B0%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E5%AE%A4%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%EF%BC%89&rcer=Q9PEm6imUKQxgL1a.2021.01.30/2021.11.22.
[27] Zhang Ming. Synchrotron Radiation White-light Topographic Study of Crystal Defects in Synthetic Diamond [D]. Yanshan University, 2008(in Chinese).
张明. 合成金刚石晶体缺陷的同步辐射白光形貌学研究[D].燕山大学，2008.
[28] Yang chuanzheng, John M. Newsam. Study on crystal growth and defects of sapphire grown
by the Kyropoulos method [J]. Progress in Physics, 1992 (02): 129-167(in Chinese).
杨传铮，JohnM.Newsam.用同步辐射X射线研究材料结构[J].物理学进展，1992(02):129-167.
[29] Sherwood J N . Fifty Years as a Crystal Gazer: Life as an Imperfectionist[J]. Crystal Growth & Design, 2004, 4(5).
[30] Klos A , Domagala J Z , Bajor A , et al. Structure Deformation in GdCOB Single Crystals Grown by the Czochralski Method[J]. Crystal Growth & Design, 2008, 8(9):3253-3256.
[31] Ge Chuanzhen. Optical micrographs of defects in transparent crystals [J]. Progress in Physics, 1993, 000 (001): 181(in Chinese).
葛传珍. 透明晶体中缺陷的光学显微象[J]. 物理学进展, 1993, 000(001):181.
[32] Deng Peizhen, Zhang Shoudu, Wang haobing, et al. The Observation on Defects in YAG Single Crystal by X-Ray Transmission Topography [J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 1979 (03): 183-189 + 277-282(in Chinese).
邓珮珍，张守都，王浩炳，等.YAG:Nd晶体中的自身缀饰位错[J].硅酸盐学报，1979(03):183-189+277-282.
[33] Zhang F , Guang S , Ye M , et al. Chemical Decoration of Perovskite by Nickel Oxide Doping for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2018, 10(43).
[34] Ge Chuanzhen, Ling Li, Wang Mu, et al. Birefringence Images of Screw Dislocations Viewed End-on in GGG and YAG Crystals [J]. Acta Physica Sinica, 1986, (02): 188-195 + 287-289(in Chinese).
葛传珍，凌黎，王牧，等. 直拉法生长的GGG和YAG单晶体中螺型位错的双折射像 [J]. 物理学报， 1986， (02): 188-195+287-289.
[35] Deng Peizhen, Qiao Jingwen, Qian Zhenying. Influence of dislocation in YAG:Nd crystal on laser characteristics [J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 1982 (03): 259-269(in Chinese).
邓佩珍，乔景文，钱振英.在YAG:Nd晶体中位错对激光特性的影响[J].光学学报，1982(03):259-269.
[36] Li Deli. Relationship between dislocations and vacancies in N-type GaAs [J]. Microelectronics, 1972 (05): 25-27(in Chinese).
李德利.N型GaAs中位错与空位之间的相互关系[J].微电子学，1972(05):25-27.
[37] Xiao Shilei. Study on Stress Induced Birefringence Measurement with Cavity Ringdown Technique [D]. University of Electronic Science and technology, 2020(in Chinese).
肖石磊. 光腔衰荡应力双折射测量技术研究[D].电子科技大学,2020.
[38] Hu Jian. Study on the Thermal induced birefringence and Polarization of YAG Laser Medium [D]. Huazhong University of science and technology,2014(in Chinese).
胡健. YAG激光介质热致双折射与偏振特性的研究[D]. 华中科技大学,2014.
[39] Deng Peizhen, Qiao Jingwen, Qian Zhenying. Study of Defects in Nd:YAG Grystals by Laser Light Sgattering Tomography [J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 1987, (02): 168-174(in Chinese).
邓珮珍，乔景文，钱振英. 用激光光散射层貌术研究Nd:YAG晶体中的缺陷 [J]. 硅酸盐学报， 1987，(02): 168-174.
[40] Qiao Jingwen, Deng Peizhen, Qian Zhenying, et al. Observation of Undecorated Dislocations in Nd:YAG Crystals by Light Scattering Tomography [J]. JOURNAL OF SYNTHETIC CRYSTALS, 1987 (01): 69-74(in Chinese).
乔景文，邓珮珍，钱振英，等.用光散射层貌术观察Nd:YAG晶体中的非缀饰刃位错[J].人工晶体，1987(01):69-74.
[41] Deng Peizhen, Qiao Jingwen, Hu Bing. Study on defects in Nd:YAG crystals by darkfield and phase contrast microscopy [J]. Acta optica Sinica, 1988 (07): 636-642(in Chinese).
邓佩珍，乔景文，胡兵.暗视场及相衬显微术及其对Nd:YAG晶体中缺陷研究[J].光学学报，1988(07):636-642.
[42] Liu Yang, Xu Wendong, Zhao Chengqiang, et al. A Detecting System of Sapphire Internal Defects Based on Laser Light Scattering Tomography [J].Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2014 (9): 5(in Chinese).
刘洋, 徐文东, 赵成强,等. 基于激光光散射层貌术的蓝宝石内部缺陷检测系统[J]. 中国激光, 2014(9):5.
[43] Ling Yan, Zhong Jiaoli, Tang Xiaoshan, et al. The Principle and Application of Scanning Electron Microscope [J]. Shandong chemical industry, 2018, 47 (9): 3(in Chinese).
凌妍, 钟娇丽, 唐晓山,等. 扫描电子显微镜的工作原理及应用[J]. 山东化工, 2018, 47(9):3.
[44] EAKINS D E, HELD M, NORTON M G, et al. A study of fracture and defects in single crystal YAG [J]. Journal of Crystal Growth, 2004, 267(3-4): 502-9.
[45] JIANG W, CHENG X, XIONG Z, et al. Static recrystallization of transparent polycrystalline yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) [J]. Scripta Materialia, 2019, 173: 37-40.
[46] S Alahraché, Deschamps M , Lambert J , et al. Crystallization of Y2O3-Al2O3 rich glasses: synthesis of YAG glass-ceramics[J]. J.phys.chem.c, 2011, 115(42):20499-20506.
[47] Hou Engang. The Study of Czochralski Method Growth and Properties of Nd3+:YAG Crystal [D]. China University of Geosciences (Beijing), 2007(in Chinese).
侯恩刚. 提拉法掺Nd3+：YAG晶体的生长及性能研究 [D]. 中国地质大学（北京），2007.
[48] Zhang Xuejian. Study on Yb:YAG Laser Materials [D]. Changchun University of Technology, 2009(in Chinese).
张学建. 掺镱钇铝石榴石激光材料[D].长春理工大学，2009.
[49] Zhang Xuejian, Li Chun, Ji Yang, et al. Growth and Crack of Yb:YAG Laser Crystal [J]. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2010, 38 (04): 741-744(in Chinese).
张学建，李春，姬扬，等.掺镱钇铝石榴石激光晶体生长与开裂 [J]. 硅酸盐学报，2010，38(04): 741-744.
[50] Liu Jinghe, Qiao Maoyou. Theoretical Analysis of the Cracking of Crystal Grown by Czochralski Method [J]. JOURNAL OF SYNTHETIC CRYSTALS, 1984, (04): 281-287(in Chinese).
刘景和，乔茂友. 提拉法生长晶体开裂的理论分析 [J]. 人工晶体，1984，(04): 281-287.
[51] Zang Chunhe. Research of Yb:YAG Crystal Growth and Its Properties [D]. Changchun University of Technology, 2004(in Chinese).
臧春和. Yb：YAG晶体生长及其性能研究[D].长春理工大学，2004.
[52] Wang T , Wang H , Zhang J , et al. Design and Directional Growth of (Mg1xZnx)(Al1yCry)2O4 Single-Crystal Fibers for High-Sensitivity and High-Temperature Sensing Based on Lattice Doping Engineering and Acoustic Anisotropy[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2021, 31:1-15.
[53] Xu Tianhua, Peng Weiqing, Zhou Jianmin, et al. Dislocation-Free,Non-Scattering Particles and Coreless YAG:Nd Single Crzstal Growth by HF Heating CZ Method [J]. JOURNAL OF SYNTHETIC CRYSTALS, 1985 (z1): 30(in Chinese).
徐天华，彭维清，周建民，等.无位错无散射颗粒无核心YAG:Nd单晶的高频感应加热引上法生长[J].人工晶体，1985(Z1):30.
[54] Duan Pei. Research progress of micro defects in silicon single crystal [J]. Rare Metals, 1979 (04): 61-71(in Chinese).
段沛.硅单晶微缺陷研究进展[J].稀有金属，1979(04):61-71.
[55] Peizhi Yang,Peizhen Deng,Jun Xu, et al. Growth of high-quality single crystal of 30at% Yb:YAG and its laser performance[J]. Journal of Crystal Growth,2000,216(1):348-351.
[56] Qiu Hongwei, Mao Yanli, Dong Jun, et al. Research progress of laser crystal material Yb: YAG [J]. Chinese Journal of Quantum Electronics, 2002 (01): 1-6(in Chinese).
邱宏伟，毛艳丽，董俊，等.激光晶体材料Yb:YAG的研究进展[J].量子电子学报，2002(01):1-6.
[57] Liu Yang. Growth of YAG:Ce3+-Al2O3 Eutectic Ceramics by HDS Method and Its Application for White LEDs [D]. Harbin Institute of Technology, 2016(in Chinese).
刘洋. 水平定向凝固法生长YAG:Ce3+-Al2O3共晶陶瓷及其在白光LED中的应用[D]. 哈尔滨工业大学,2016.
[58] Min Naiben. Physical basis of crystal growth [M]. Nanjing: Nanjing University Press, 2019, (344-354)(in Chinese).
闵乃本.晶体生长的物理基础[M].南京：南京大学出版社.2019,(344-354).
[59] Ge Chuanzhen, Xu Xiuying, Feng Duan. The Needle-like Stress Zones and Dislocations Due to Constitutional Supercooling in Czochralski Method-grown YAG Single Crystals [J]. Acta Physica Sinica, 1981, (02): 218-223(in Chinese).
葛传珍，徐秀英，冯端. 直拉法生长的YAG单晶体中组分过冷引起的针状应力区和位错 [J]. 物理学报，1981，(02): 218-223.
[60] Studies on Dislocations in Neodymium-doped Aluminium-yttrium Garnet(Nd-YAG) [J]. Acta Physica Sinica, 1976 (04): 284-291(in Chinese).
掺钕钇铝石榴石单晶的位错研究[J].物理学报，1976(04):284-291.
[61] Min Naiben, Yang Yongshun. The Growth of Facets and Vicinal Interfaces on Czochralski-grown YAG Single Crystals[J]. Acta Physica Sinica, 1979 (03): 285-296(in Chinese).
闵乃本，杨永顺.直拉法YAG的小面生长和邻位面生长[J].物理学报，1979(03):285-296.
[62] CHEN Y F, LIM P K, LIM S J, et al. Raman scattering investigation of Yb : YAG crystals grown by the Czochralski method [J]. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 2003, 34(11): 882-885.
[63] P. A. Arsenev,B. A. Baranov,S. A. Klinchikov. Studies of Dislocations in Single Crystals of Alumo‐Yttrium Garnet (YAG)[J]. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd,1974,9(3):257-264.
[64] Chen QingHan, Xie Sanwen. Component undercooling and dislocation proliferation before and after interface transformation when Nd: YAG is grown by thermal barrier method [J]. Acta Physica Sinica, 1981 (06): 361-363(in Chinese).
陈庆汉，谢三文. 阻热法引上生长Nd:YAG时界面转换前后出现的组分过冷和位错增殖现象[J]. 物理学报，1981(06):361-363.
[65] Gao nianzhong. Growth of flat interface Nd: YAG crystals by high frequency induction heating [J]. Laser and infrared, 1985, (06): 33-46(in Chinese).
高年众. 高频感应加热引上法生长平界面Nd:YAG晶体的途径 [J]. 激光与红外，1985，(06): 33-46.
[66] Luo Xianzheng. Analysis and solution of YAG crystal cracking [J]. JOURNAL OF SYNTHETIC CRYSTALS, 1982 (z1): 9-10(in Chinese).
罗先正.YAG晶体开裂原因的分析与解决办法[J].人工晶体，1982(Z1):9-10.
[67] Xu Tianhua, Wu Zihe, Zeng Qimeng, et al. Observation of defects in the interface conversion region of YAG: Nd ~ (3 +) single crystal by upward method [J].JOURNAL OF SYNTHETIC CRYSTALS, 1982, (z1): 9(in Chinese).
徐天华，吴子合，曾启孟，等.引上法YAG:Nd~(3+)单晶界面转换区缺陷的观察 [J]. 人工晶体， 1982，(Z1): 9.
[68] Yin Yujia, Ma min, Improvements in Optical Homogeneity of Nd:YAG Crystals by MF Heating CZ Growth [J].JOURNAL OF SYNTHETIC CRYSTALS, 1987, (01): 59-62(in Chinese).
殷玉嘉，马民，胡玉芳. 中频加热引上生长YAG:Nd晶体光学均匀性的提高 [J]. 人工晶体，1987， (01): 59-62.
[69] Ge Chuanzhen, Xu Xiuying, Feng Duan. The Needle-like Stress Zones and Dislocations Due to Constitutional Supercooling in Czochralski Method-grown YAG Single Crystals[J]. Acta Physica Sinica, 1981 (02): 218-223(in Chinese).
葛传珍，徐秀英，冯端.直拉法生长的YAG单晶体中组分过冷引起的针状应力区和位错[J].物理学报，1981(02):218-223.
[70] Yao Lihui. Growth and physical peoperties of Large Size and High Quality Nd:YAG Layer Crystal [D]. Changchun University of Technology, 2008(in Chinese).
姚立辉. 优质大尺寸Nd：YAG激光晶体的生长与物性研究[D].长春理工大学，2008.
[71] Liu Xiaoyang, Liu Wei, Zeng Fanming, et al. Growth and Crack Analysis of Yb:YAG Laser Crystal [J]. Journal of Changchun University of Science and Technology, 2005, (04): 113-115(in Chinese).
刘晓阳，刘伟，曾繁明，等. Yb:YAG激光晶体生长与开裂分析 [J]. 长春理工大学学报，2005，(04): 113-115.
[72] Study on scattering particles in Nd: YAG crystal (II) - observation and analysis of scattering particles in Nd: YAG Crystal (I) [J]. Laser and Infrared, 1978 (08): 45-55(in Chinese).
Nd:YAG晶体散射颗粒的研究(二)—Nd:YAG晶体中散射颗粒的观察与分析一[J].激光与红外，1978(08):45-55.
[73] Guo Lijuan. Dislocations in YAG [J]. Weapon Laser, 1983 (02): 54-58(in Chinese).
郭丽娟.YAG中的位错[J].兵器激光，1983(02):54-58.
[74] Ge Chuanzhen, Xu Xiuying, Feng Duan. Dislocations and Inclusions in Czochralski Method-grown YAG Single Crystals [J]. Acta Physica Sinica, 1982 (03): 415-418(in Chinese).
葛传珍，徐秀英，冯端.直拉法生长Y3Al5O12(YAG)单晶体中的位错和包裹物[J].物理学报，1982(03):415-418.
[75] Zhang Zhibin. Study on growth and laser properties of Yb: YAG crystal [D]. University of Electronic Science and Technology, 2005(in Chinese).
张志斌. Yb：YAG晶体生长及激光性能研究[D].电子科技大学,2005.
[76] Yu Guojian. Study on crystal growth and defects of sapphire grown by the Kyropoulos method [D]. Shandong University, 2014(in Chinese).
于国建. 泡生法蓝宝石单晶生长及缺陷研究[D].山东大学,2014.
[77] Zhang Guodong, Zhai Shenqiu, Cui Hongwei, et al. Study on Dislocation in Growing Process of Smiconductor Single Crystals [J]. JOURNAL OF SYNTHETIC CRYSTALS, 2007 (02): 301-307(in Chinese).
张国栋，翟慎秋，崔红卫，等. 半导体单晶生长过程中的位错研究[J].人工晶体学报，2007(02):301-307.
[78] Yu Yuejuan. Study on growth and defects of ADP crystals under different supersaturation [D]. Qingdao University, 2012(in Chinese).
于跃娟. 不同过饱和度下ADP晶体的生长与缺陷研究[D].青岛大学,2012.
[79] Juraj Kajan, Mikhail Volkov, Grigori Damazyan, et al. Fabrication and Characterization of High-dimension Single-crystal Yb:yag Ingots Grown By Horizontal Directed Crystallization Method[J].Crystal Research and Technology,2020.
[80] Yongzong Zhou. Growth of high quality large Nd: YAG crystals by Temperature Gradient Technique (TGT)[J]. North-Holland,1986,78(1):31-35.
[81] HAN J, GUO H, ZHANG M, et al. Characterization of large-sized Nd:YAG single crystals grown by horizontal directional solidification [J]. Crystal Research and Technology, 2012, 47(5): 485-90.
[82] Nie Ying. Research on Growth and Annealing Discoloration Mechanism of Yb:YAG
Crystal by HDS Method [D]. Harbin Institute of Technology, 2014(in Chinese).
聂颖. Yb:YAG晶体水平定向结晶法生长及其退火变色机理研究[D].哈尔滨工业大学，2014.
[83] Jiang benxue, Xu Jun, Li Hongjun, et al. Core distribution of Nd: YAG laser crystals grown by temperature gradient method [J]. Acta Physica Sinica, 2007 (02): 1014-1019(in Chinese).
姜本学，徐军，李红军，等. 温度梯度法生长Nd:YAG激光晶体的核心分布[J].物理学报，2007(02):1014-1019.
[84] Deng Peizhen, Qiao Jingwen, Hu Bing, et al. Perfection and laser perfcrmances of Nd:YAG crystals grown by temperature gradient technique (TGT) [J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 1988 (09): 521-527(in Chinese).
邓佩珍，乔景文，胡兵，等. 温梯法生长的Nd:YAG晶体的完整性及其激光特性[J].中国激光，1988(09):521-527.
[85] Peng Zhifang, Xu Yuehuang. On the Slip Manners of Perfect Dislocations on {110}<111>Slip Systems in a Body-centered Cubic Single Crystal [J]. Journal of the Wuhan Institute of Hydraulic and Electric Engineering, 1991, (05): 503-507(in Chinese).
彭志方，徐约黄. 谈体心立方晶体{110}<101>滑移系全位错的滑移方式 [J]. 武汉水利电力学院学报，1991，(05): 503-507.
[86] Lugo. Molecular dynamics study of dislocation rings in FCC crystals [D]. China Academy of Engineering Physics, 2009(in Chinese).
卢果. FCC晶体中位错环的分子动力学研究[D].中国工程物理研究院，2009.
[87] Wan Yan. Optical Properties and First Principlescalculations of the(Cr,Ca):YAG Crystals [D]. Guangxi University, 2016(in Chinese).
万炎. 铬钙离子掺杂钇铝石榴石晶体光学性质及其第一性原理的研究 [D]. 广西大学， 2016.
[88] Zhong kangyou. Molecular Simulation on the Evolution of Shuffle 60°Dislocation in Silicon [D]. Harbin Institute of Technology, 2013(in Chinese).
钟康游. 硅中shuffle型60°位错演化的分子模拟[D].哈尔滨工业大学，2013.
[89] Ding Dihua, Wang Renhui, Yang Wenge, et al. Elasticity, Plasticity and Dislocations of Quasicrystals [J]. Progress in Physics, 1998 (03): 223-260(in Chinese).
丁棣华，王仁卉，杨文革，等. 准晶的弹性、塑性与位错[J].物理学进展，1998(03):223-260.
[90] DU D, WU Y, ZHAO Y, et al. Deformation and fracture behaviours of a YAG single crystal characterized using nanoindentation method [J]. Materials Characterization, 2020, 164.
[91] KAPUSCINSKI M, AGTHE M, LV Z P, et al. Temporal Evolution of Superlattice Contraction and Defect-Induced Strain Anisotropy in Mesocrystals during Nanocube Self-Assembly [J]. ACS Nano, 2020, 14(5): 5337-47.
[92] LI C, LI X, WU Y, et al. Deformation mechanism and force modelling of the grinding of YAG single crystals [J]. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 2019, 143: 23-37.
[93] Liang Shuang, Huang Minsheng, Li Zhenhuan. Discrete dislocation dynamics of ductile brittle transition behavior at crack tip -- extended finite element coupling algorithm and simulation [a]. Professional Committee of solid mechanics of Chinese society of mechanics and Mathematical Science Department of National Natural Science Foundation of China. Abstracts of 2018 National Academic Conference on Solid Mechanics (part I) [C]. Professional Committee of solid mechanics of Chinese society of mechanics Mathematical Science Department of NSFC: Chinese society of mechanics, 2018:1(in Chinese).
梁爽，黄敏生，李振环. 裂尖韧脆转变行为的离散位错动力学——扩展有限元耦合算法及模拟[A]. 中国力学学会固体力学专业委员会、国家自然科学基金委员会数理科学部.2018年全国固体力学学术会议摘要集（上）[C].中国力学学会固体力学专业委员会、国家自然科学基金委员会数理科学部:中国力学学会，2018:1.
[94] Xu Chenghai. Investigation of Simulation Analysis and Its Application for the Growth of Large Size Sapphire with SAPMAC Method [D]. Harbin Institute of Technology, 2007(in Chinese).
许承海. SAPMAC法大尺寸蓝宝石晶体生长的模拟分析与应用研究 [D].哈尔滨工业大学， 2007.