激光经过湍流大气以及散射介质的传输

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 介绍了激光光束经过湍流大气以及散射介质的传输特性。当激光在湍流大气中传输时, 湍流大气的扰动会影响光束的传输特性。此时, 激光光束仍然保持光束的特性, 因此可以应用扩展的Huygens-Fresnel 衍射积分研究激光在湍流大气中的传输特性。研究表明, 当光束在湍流大气中传输时, 光束的光斑大小、偏振态、空间相干度、闪烁因子等参数发生了变化。这些参数的变化除了与大气湍流性质有关外, 还与光束的特性有关。因此选择合适的入射光束可以减低湍流大气对光束传输的影响。当相干激光经过散射介质后, 会呈现散斑。通过调控入射激光的波前, 可以使得激光经过散射介质后聚焦。介绍了实现激光经过散射介质聚焦的技术, 包括基于迭代反馈的波前整形技术、传输矩阵, 以及数字相位共轭技术等。最后, 展望这些技术应用于激光在实际大气中的传输, 实现激光穿云透雾的目标。

关键词: 激光技术, 湍流大气, 散射介质, 激光光束, 传输, 波前调控技术

Abstract: The propagation characteristics of laser beam passing through turbulent atmosphere and scattering medium are reviewed. As a laser beam propagates through turbulent atmosphere, its propagation properties will be affected. In this case, the laser beam still keeps the beam-like characteristic, therefore the propagation of laser in the turbulent atmosphere based on the extended Huygens-Fresnel diffraction integral can be investigated. It is shown that some parameters of the incident light beam, such as beam width, polarization, spatial coherence, and scintillation factor, will experience significant change as the light beam propagates in the turbulent atmosphere. The change of these parameters is not only dependent on the properties of atmospheric turbulence, but also on the characteristics of the incident light beam. Therefore, the influence of the atmospheric turbulence on beam propagation can be reduced by choosing suitable parameters of the incident light beam. It is shown that the speckle pattern will be generated as the coherent laser beam passes through the scattering medium, and by modulating the wavefront of the incident laser beam, the laser beam can be focused after passing through the scattering medium. The techniques to realize focus as a laser beam passes through the scattering medium, including feedback-based wavefront shaping, transmission matrix, and digital phase conjugation, have been introduced. Finally, the applications of these techniques in laser propagation through realistic atmosphere is prospected, for example the propagation through fogs and clouds.

Key words: laser technology, turbulent atmosphere, scattering medium, laser beam, propagation, wavefront shaping

中图分类号:

O436

王玉双, 陈子阳∗, 刘永欣, 蒲继雄∗. 激光经过湍流大气以及散射介质的传输[J]. 量子电子学报, 2020, 37(5): 534-546.

WANG Yushuang, CHEN Ziyang∗, LIU Yongxin, PU Jixiong∗. Propagation of laser through turbulent atmosphere and scattering medium[J]. Chinese Journal of Quantum Electronics, 2020, 37(5): 534-546.

参考文献 41

[1]	Vetter C, Eichelkraut T, Ornigotti M, et al. Generalized radially self-accelerating Helicon beams [J]. Physical Review Letters,
20	14, 113(18): 183901.
[2]	Jia P, Yang Y, Min C J, et al. Sidelobe-modulated optical vortices for free-space communication [J]. Optics Letters, 2013,
38	(4): 588-590.
[3]	Chen Y H, Gu J X, Wang F, et al. Self-spitting properties of Hermite-Gaussian correlated Schell-model beam [J]. Physical
	Review A, 2015, 91(1): 013823.
[4]	Cui S W, Chen Z Y, Zhang L, et al. Experimental generation of nonuniformly correlated partially coherent light beams [J].
	Optics Letters, 2013, 38(22): 4821-4825.
[5]	Zhan Q. Cylindrical vector beams: From mathematical concepts to applications [J]. Advances in Optics and Photonics, 2009,
1(	1): 1-57.
[6]	Chen Z Y, Hua L M, Pu J X. Tight focusing of light beams effect of polarization, phase, and coherence [J]. Progress in Optics,
20	12, 57(1): 219-260.
[7]	Hayakawa C K, Venugopalan V, et al. Amplitude and phase of tightly focused laser beams in turbid media [J]. Physical Review
	Letters, 2009, 103(4): 043903.
[8]	Wang F, Cai Y J, Eyyuboglu H T, et al. Twist phase-induced reduction in scintillation of a partially coherent beam in turbulent
	atmosphere [J]. Optics Letters, 2012, 37(2): 184-186.
[9]	Chen Z Y, Cui S W, Zhang L, et al. Measuring the intensity fluctuation of partially coherent radially polarized beams in
	atmospheric turbulence [J]. Optics Express, 2014, 22(15): 18278.
[10]	Liu X H, Pu J X. Investigation on the scintillation of elliptical vortex beams propagating in turbulent atmosphere [J]. Optics
	Express, 2011, 19(27): 26444.
[11]	Li C H, Xian H, Rao C H, et al. Field-of-view shifted Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor for daytime adaptive optics system
[J]	Optics Letters, 2006, 31(19): 2821-2823.
[12]	Tyson R K. Principles of Adaptive Optics [M]. Academic, CRC Press, 1998.
[13]	Zhang L, Xu Z Y, Pu T, et al. Change in the state of polarization of Gaussian Schell-model beam propagating through non-
	Kolmogorov turbulence [J]. Results in Physics, 2017, 7: 4332-4336.
[14]	Ji X L, Baykal Y, Jia X H. Changes of the centroid position of laser beams propagating through an optical system in turbulent
	atmosphere [J]. Optics & Laser Technology, 2013, 54(30): 199-207.
[15]	Salem M, Korotkova O, Dogariu A, et al. Polarization changes in partially coherent electromagnetic beams propagating
	through turbulent atmosphere [J]. Waves in Random Media, 2004, 14(4): 513-523.
[16]	Korotkova O, Pu J X,Wolf E. Spectral changes in electromagnetic stochastic beams propagating through turbulent atmosphere
[J]	Journal of Modern Optics, 2008, 55(8): 1199-1208.
[17]	Korotkova O. Polarization changes in light beams trespassing anisotropic turbulence [J]. Optics Letters, 2015, 40(13): 3077-
	3080.
[18]	Zhu Y, Zhao D. Propagation of a stochastic electromagnetic Gaussian Schell-model beam through an optical system in turbulent
	atmosphere [J]. Applied Physics B, 2009, 96(1): 155-160.
[19]	Vellekoop I M, Lagendijk A, Mosk A P. Exploiting disorder for perfect focusing [J]. Nature Photonics, 2010, 4(5): 320-322.
[20]	Vellekoop I M, Mosk A P. Focusing coherent light through opaque strongly scattering media [J]. Optics Letters, 2007, 32(16):
23	09-2311.
[21]	Park C, Park J H, Rodriguez C, et al. Full-field subwavelength imaging using a scattering superlens [J]. Physical Review
	Letters, 2014, 113(11): 113901.
[22]	Choi Y, Yang T D, Fang-Yen C, et al. Overcoming the diffraction limit using multiple light scattering in a highly disordered
	medium [J]. Physical Review Letters, 2011, 107(2): 023902.
[23]	Popoff S M, Lerosey G, Carminati R, et al. Measuring the transmission matrix in optics: An approach to study and control of
	light propagation in disordered media [J]. Physical Review Letters, 2010, 104(10): 100601.
[24]	Pu J X, Korotkova O. Propagation of the degree of cross-polarization of a stochastic electromagnetic beam through the turbulent
	atmosphere [J]. Optics Communications, 2009, 282(9): 1691-1698.
[25]	Andrews L C, Phillips R L. Laser Beam Propagation Through Random Media [M]. SPIE Press, 1998.
[26]	Eyyubo¨glu H T. Estimation of aperture averaged scintillations in weak turbulence regime for annular, sinusoidal and hyperbolic
	Gaussian beams using random phase screen [J]. Optics & Laser Technology, 2013, 52: 96-102.
[27]	Chen B S, Chen Z Y, Pu J X. Propagation of partially coherent Bessel-Gaussian beams in turbulent atmosphere [J]. Optics &
	Laser Technology, 2008, 40(6): 820-827.
[28]	Hubin N, Noethe L. Active Optics, Adaptive optics, and laser guide stars [J]. Science, 1993, 262(5138): 1390-1394.
[29]	Rotter S, Gigan S. Light fields in complex media: Mesoscopic scattering meets wave control [J]. Reviews of Modern Physics,
20	17, 89(1): 015005.
[30]	Ishimaru A. Wave Propagation and Scattering in Random Media [M]. John Wiley & Sons, 1999.
[31]	Rossum M C W, Nieuwenhuizen T M. Multiple scattering of classical waves: microscopy, mesoscopy, and diffusion [J].
	Reviews of Modern Physics, 1999, 71(1): 313-371.
[32]	Popoff S M, Goetschy A, Liew S F, et al. Coherent control of total transmission of light through disordered media [J]. Physical
	Review Letters, 2014, 112(13): 133903.
[33]	Fan W R, Chen Z Y, Chen L, et al. Polarization transmission matrix for completely polarization control of focal spots in
	speckle field of multimode fiber [J]. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 2020, 26(4): 4400405.
[34]	Chen Z Y, Hu X S, Ji X X, et al. Needle beam generated by a laser beam passing through a scattering medium [J]. IEEE
	Photonics Journal, 2018, 10(5): 6501108.
[35]	Vellekoop I M, Mosk A P. Phase control algorithms for focusing light through turbid media [J]. Optics Communications, 2008,
28	1(11): 3071-3080.
[36]	Andreoli D, Volpe G, Popoff S, et al. Deterministic control of broadband light through a multiply scattering medium via the
	multispectral transmission matrix [J]. Scientific Reports, 2015, 5(1): 10347.
[37]	Jang M, Ruan H, Vellekoop I M, et al. Relation between speckle decorrelation and optical phase conjugation (OPC)-based
	turbidity suppression through dynamic scattering media: A study on in vivo mouse skin [J]. Biomedical Optics Express, 2015,
6(	1): 72-85.
[38]	Cui M, Yang C H. Implementation of a digital optical phase conjugation system and its application to study the robustness of
	turbidity suppression by phase conjugation [J]. Optics Express, 2010, 18(4): 3444-3455.
[39]	Katz O, Heidmann P, Fink M, et al. Non-invasive single-shot imaging through scatting layers and around corners via speckle
	correlations [J]. Nature Photonics, 2014, 8(10): 784-790.
[40]	Bertolotti J, VanPutten E G, Bium C, et al. Non-invasive imaging through opaque scatting layers [J]. Nature, 2012, 491(7423):
23	2-234.
[41]	Chen L, Singh R K, Chen Z Y, et al. Phase shifting digital holography with the Hanbury Brown-Twiss approach [J]. Optics
	Express, 2020, 45(1): 212.